프랑스 의사가 독에 대해서 혈청으로 해독제를 연구 한 것을 책으로 만듬. VENOMS VENOMOUS ANIMALS AND ANTIVENOMOUS SERUM- THERAPEUTICS BY A. CALMETTE, M.D. Corresponding Member of the French Institute and of the Academy of Medicine, Director of the Pasteur Institute, Lille TRANSLATED BY ERNEST E. AUSTEN, F.Z.S. NEW YORK WILLIAM WOOD AND COMPANY MDCCCCVIII Antivenomous serum- therapy, which my studies, supplemented by those of Phisalix and Bertrand, Fraser, George Lamb, F. Tidswell, McFarland, and Vital Brazil, have enabled me to establish upon scientific bases, has now entered into current medical practice. In each of the countries in which venomous bites represent an important cause of mortality in the case of human beings and domestic animals, special laboratories have been officially organised for the preparation of antivenomous serum. All that remains to be done is to teach its use to those who are ignorant of it, especially to the indigenous inhabitants of tropical countries, where snakes are more especially formidable and deadly. This book will not reach such people as these, but the medical men, naturalists, travellers, and explorers to whom it is addressed will know how to popularise and apply the information that it will give them. vii I firmly believe also that physiologists will read the book with profit. Its perusal will perhaps suggest to them the task of investigating a host of questions, which are still obscure, relating to toxins, their mode of action upon the different organisms, and their relations to the antitoxins. There is no doubt that in the study of venoms a multitude of workers will, for a long time to come, find material for the exercise of their powers of research. At the moment of completing this work I would like to be allowed to cast a backward glance upon the stage that it marks in my scientific career, and to express my heartfelt gratitude to my very dear master and friend, Dr. ？mile Roux, to whom I owe the extreme gratification of having been able to dedicate my life to the study of experimental science, and of having caused to germinate, grow, and ripen a few of the ever fertile seeds that he sows broadcast around him. I have experienced at the hands of a large number of our ministers, consuls, or consular agents abroad the most cordial reception on repeatedly addressing myself to them in order to obtain the papers or information of which I was in need. It is only right for me to thank them for it, and to acknowledge the trouble that M. Masson has most kindly taken in publishing this book. Institut Pasteur de Lille, A. Calmette. March 10, 1907. ix

TABLE OF CONTENTS. PART I. Page CHAP. I.―I. General notes on poisonous animals 1 II. General classification of poisonous snakes. Their anatomo- physiological characters 3 CHAP. II.― Habits of poisonous snakes. Their capture 17 CHAP. III.― Description of the principal species of poisonous snakes. Their geographical distribution 22 A. Europe 22 B. Asia, Dutch Indies and Philippine Islands 30 C. Africa 57 D. Australia and adjacent large islands 81 E. America 100 F. Hydrophiidæ (sea- snakes) 131 G. Geographical distribution of the principal genera of poisonous snakes in the five divisions of the world 142 PART II. CHAP. IV.― Secretion and collection of venom in snakes 147 CHAP. V.― Chemical study of snake- venoms 159 CHAP. VI.― Physiological action of snake- venoms 168 A. Physiology of poisoning in man and in animals 168 bitten by the different species of poisonous snakes (Colubridæ, Viperidæ, Hydrophiidæ) B. Physiology of experimental poisoning 170 C. Determination of the lethal doses of venom for different species of animals 173 D. Effects of venom in non- lethal doses 177x CHAP. VII.― Physiology of poisoning (continued). Effects of the various venoms on the different tissues of the organism 179 (1) Action upon the liver 182 (2) Action upon the kidney 183 (3) Action upon the spleen, heart and lungs 183 (4) Action upon the striated muscles 184 (5) Action upon the nervous centres 185 CHAP. VIII.― Physiology of poisoning (continued). Action of venoms on the blood 188 A. Effects of venom on the coagulation of the blood 188 I. Coagulant venoms 190 II. Anticoagulant venoms 192 III. Mechanism of the anticoagulant action of venoms on the blood 195 B. Effects of venom on the red corpuscles and on the serum 196 (1) Hæmolysis 196 (2) Precipitins of venoms 202 (3) Agglutinins of venoms 202 C. Effects of venom upon the white corpuscles: Leucolysin 203 CHAP. IX.― Physiology of poisoning (continued). Proteolytic, cytolytic, bacteriolytic, and various diastasic actions of venoms: diastasic and cellular actions on venoms 204 A. Proteolytic action 204 B. Cytolytic action 206 C. Bacteriolytic action 206 D. Various diastasic actions of venoms 212 E. Action of various diastases upon venoms 214 CHAP. X.― Toxicity of the blood of venomous snakes 217 CHAP. XI.― Natural immunity of certain animals with respect to snake- venoms 222 CHAP. XII.― Snake- charmers 228 xi PART III. ANTIVENOMOUS SERUM- THERAPEUTICS. CHAP. XIII.― Vaccination against snake- venom―Preparation of antivenomous serum―Its preventive properties as regards intoxication by venom 241 Specificity and polyvalence of antivenomous serums 248 CHAP. XIV.― Neutralisation of venom by antitoxin 253 CHAP. XV.― Treatment of poisonous snake- bites in man and animals. Objects of the treatment. Technique of antivenomous serum- therapy 259 PART IV. VENOMS IN THE ANIMAL SERIES. CHAP. XVI.― Venoms in the animal series. 1.― Invertebrates 269 A. Cœlenterates 269 B. Echinoderms 273 C. Arthrop ods: (a) Araneids 274 ― (b) Scorpions 276 ― (c) Myriopods 280 ― (d) Insects 281 D. Molluscs 286 CHAP. XVII.― Venoms in the animal series (continued). 2.― Venomous fishes 288 A. Teleostei. Acanthopterygii: ―― 1. Triglidæ 290 ―― 2. Trachinidæ 297 ―― 3. Gobiidæ 300 ―― 4. Teuthididæ 301 ―― 5. Batrachiidæ 302 ―― 6. Pediculati 303 B. Teleostei. Plectognathi: 305 C. Teleostei. Physostomi: 307 ―― 1. Siluridæ 308 ―― 2. Murænidæ 309 xii CHAP. XVIII.― Venoms in the animal series (continued). 3.― Batrachians; Lizards; Mammals 312 A. Batrachians 312 B. Lizards 321 C. Mammals (Ornithorhynchus) 323 PART V. DOCUMENTS.

저자 : A. Calmette A. Calmette ,프랑스 의사

PREFACE TO ENGLISH EDITION. Mr. E. E. Austen, of the British Museum, has been good enough to undertake the translation of my book on “ Venoms.” For the presentation of my work to the scientific public in an English dress I could not have hoped to find a more faithful interpreter. To him I express my liveliest gratitude for the trouble that he has so kindly taken, and I thank Messrs. John Bale, Sons and Danielsson for the care they have bestowed upon the preparation of this edition. Institut Pasteur de Lille, A. CALMETTE, M.D. June 17, 1908. iv v INTRODUCTION TO FRENCH EDITION. In the month of October, 1891, during the rains, a village in the vicinity of Bac？Lieu, in Lower Cochin- China, was invaded by a swarm of poisonous snakes belonging to the species known as Naja tripudians, or Cobra- di- Capello. These creatures, which were forced by the deluge to enter the native huts, bit four persons, who succumbed in a few hours. An Annamese, a professional snake？charmer in the district, succeeded in catching nineteen of these cobras and shutting them up alive in a barrel. M. S？ville, the administrator of the district, thereupon conceived the idea of forwarding the snakes to the newly established Pasteur Institute at Saigon, to which I had been appointed as director. At this period our knowledge of the physiological action of venoms was extremely limited. A few of their properties alone had been brought to light by the works of Weir Mitchell and Reichard in America, of Wall and Armstrong in India and England, of A. Gautier and Kaufmann in France, and especially by Sir Joseph Fayrer’s splendidly illustrated volume (“ The Thanatophidia of India” ), published in London in 1872. An excellent opportunity was thus afforded to me of vi taking up a study which appeared to possess considerable interest on the morrow of the discoveries of E. Roux and Behring, with reference to the toxins of diphtheria and tetanus, and I could not allow the chance to escape. For the last fifteen years I have been occupied continuously with this subject, and I have published, or caused to be published by my students, in French, English, or German scientific journals, a fairly large number of memoirs either on venoms and the divers venomous animals, or on antivenomous serum- therapeutics. The collation of these papers is now becoming a matter of some difficulty, and it appeared to me that the time had arrived for the production of a monograph, which may, I hope, be of some service to all who are engaged in biological research.